The Client-Patron relationship between Romans was an integral part to running the early republic. While it fell off and morphed towards the imperial age of Rome, it was as important to the early Romans as concepts of honour were to Edo-period Japanese and piety to later Christians.
The Client-Patron model was a kind of social contract between two people, one person and a group, or event two groups of people. …
Britain didn’t hold much appeal to the ancient Romans. Their people were of no immediate threat to them like the Gauls, and their lands were not overflowing with wealth and food like Egypt (that the land is mineral-rich was likely not known to the Romans). While the Britons had assisted the Gauls in attempting to repeal Caesar’s conquest of the province, that had been over nearly a hundred years prior. To figure out why they attacked and colonised the land in the 40s AD and decades after, we need to take a look at an unlikely emperor.
Tiberius Claudius Caesar…
On the 2nd of September,1945 it was declared by Harry S. Truman that World War Two (WWII) was over. With the surrender of Japan, the world could let out a small breath of relief. But hostilities certainly weren’t over. East and West stared each other down, the British and Americans waited for the Soviets to attack, the Soviets waited with just as much anxiety.
Thankfully, no one pulled the trigger. That doesn’t mean nobody was thinking about it though. …
There is an old saying that goes ‘ideas are cheap,’ everyones heard it, everyone knows what it means. We all have ideas, some are amazing and others aren’t. Sometimes it is hard to tell which is which.
Since I began writing distinguishing the good ideas from the bad has become somewhat of a daily habit for me. I’m not perfect at it, not by any means, but I’ve come far enough to develop a system that helps me keep track of my ideas so they can be finished in full later on.
This is the obvious first step. Coming up…
The future looks green. There are already massive international efforts being made towards keeping our planet healthy. The Paris Agreement has seen over 100 countries pledge to have zero net emissions of Carbon Dioxide by 2050. This, as I’m sure many of you reading will know, depends on the reliable generation of electricity from green sources.
While the progress made has been good, it has always been the way of science and engineering to innovate and improve. …
Adolf Hitler restructured the world as we know it. His thirst for blood and war are famous, and yet, many people know little of what occurred before World War II. We know of his atrocities: inciting a war that killed millions, systematically genociding those the Nazi party deemed ‘undesirable’, and reducing many others to slavery amongst a myriad of others.
However, the nature of Hitler’s rise to power is often overlooked. How he affected the rise of the Nazi party and used fear as a tool to increase his own power are case studies for dictatorial overhaul. …
I read a lot. I’m sure a lot of the people reading this article do too. Since the beginning of lockdown, it has been easier for me to find the time to sit down and pick up a book. Slowly I’ve been ploughing through the pages, preparing myself for a strong start to the new start that awaits me at the end of lockdown.
And as I was ploughing through some of these pages I reflected on how much I’d learnt, and how my views had changed over the course of my lockdown isolation. As the vaccines roll out the…
I’ve written on Medium before about how constructive criticism is the best thing you can give a writer. When we write, we get into our own bubble, we make the words sound different in our heads compared to how they read, and it is easy to glance over the little errors. An outside perspective gets to cut through all the layers of different thought that the writer has put into a piece and sees the words for what they actually say.
Interestingly, what is not often talked about is the benefit to the person criticising the work. I think it…
The Babylonians were an ancient people and the settlement of Babylon first comes into the written record in the 23rd century BC — over four thousand years ago. First a part of the Akkadian Empire it eventually came to rule its own stretch of land in Mesopotamia, before being conquered again. It saw itself controlled by the Kenites, Assyrians, Persians, and then finally the Romans, to name a few.
Babylon is most famous for having built one of the seven wonders of the ancient world: the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Though they themselves might have bragged about another piece of…
When I think of World War Two the first thing that comes to mind is the Holocaust — the barbaric, methodic extermination of those the Nazis considered ‘undesirable’ which saw no less than six million Jews dead, alongside at least five million others. The collective pain and distress felt by the affected communities is something that still resonates today, over seventy years later. However, as if the wholesale genocide of their people was not enough, the Nazis forced Jewish communities into submission, and then forced them to assist in the deportation and extermination of their own.
The Jewish Council of…
Currently pursing my Masters Degree in Physics, I have a keen interest in history and science of all kinds, and the figures that made it all possible.